Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects the reproductive system in individuals with ovaries. It is a common condition, and its exact cause is not fully understood, but genetics and lifestyle factors may play a role.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Symptoms
PCOS presents a combination of signs and symptoms, which may include:
- Irregular menstrual periods or absence of periods (amenorrhea)
- Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back, or other areas (hirsutism)
- Acne or oily skin
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness
- Darkening of the skin in certain areas, such as the neck creases, groin, or under breasts (acanthosis nigricans)
- Difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation or anovulation
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of PCOS is usually made when at least two of the three below criteria are met;
- Menstrual Irregularities: The presence of irregular menstrual cycles is a key factor. This includes having fewer than eight menstrual cycles in a year or experiencing long gaps between periods.
- Clinical and/or Biochemical Signs of Hyperandrogenism: Hyperandrogenism refers to higher levels of male hormones (androgens) in the body, which can lead to symptoms like excessive hair growth (hirsutism) on the face, chest, or back, as well as acne or oily skin. Blood tests may be used to measure androgen hormone levels.
- Polycystic Ovaries: On ultrasound examination, the ovaries may appear enlarged and contain multiple small cysts. However, it’s important to note that the presence of polycystic ovaries alone is not sufficient for a PCOS diagnosis, as some women may have polycystic ovaries without having PCOS.
These criteria help to identify the hormonal and reproductive imbalances characteristic of PCOS. However, it’s important to remember that each person’s experience with PCOS may vary, and not everyone will display the same combination of symptoms. Other causes of menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism, such as thyroid disorders, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and certain tumours, should be ruled out before diagnosing PCOS.
Impact on Fertility
PCOS can disrupt ovulation, leading to irregular or absent menstrual cycles, which can make it difficult for individuals to conceive. However, many women with PCOS can still become pregnant with appropriate management and medical assistance.
Management
Lifestyle changes: Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, can help manage PCOS symptoms and improve overall health.
Hormonal birth control: Oral contraceptives can regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and improve acne and hirsutism.
Anti-androgen medications: These drugs can block the effects of androgens and help manage symptoms like hirsutism and acne.
Ovulation induction: Fertility medications such as Clomiphene or Letrozole may be prescribed to induce ovulation in women trying to conceive.
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) or other fertility treatments may be considered for those with PCOS-related fertility challenges.