Recurrent miscarriage, also known as recurrent pregnancy loss, is defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages before the 20th week of gestation. It is a devastating and emotionally challenging condition that affects around 1% of couples trying to conceive.

Causes: The causes of recurrent miscarriage are not always clear, and in many cases, multiple factors may be involved. However, several potential causes have been identified, including:

1. Chromosomal abnormalities: Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common cause of recurrent miscarriage, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. These abnormalities may be due to errors in cell division during embryonic development or problems with the genetic material of the parents.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal imbalances, such as thyroid disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and diabetes, can also increase the risk of recurrent miscarriage.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Abnormalities in the structure of the uterus, such as uterine septum, fibroids, or scarring, can make it difficult for the embryo to implant and grow.
4. Infections: Infections such as bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, or mycoplasma can increase the risk of miscarriage.
5. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome, can cause the immune system to attack the developing fetus.

Diagnosis: Diagnosing recurrent miscarriage involves a thorough evaluation of the couple to identify any underlying causes. This may involve:

1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about any previous pregnancies, medical conditions, and medications taken.
2. Physical exam: A physical exam may be performed to check for any abnormalities in the reproductive system.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to check hormone levels, thyroid function, and for the presence of autoimmune disorders.
4. Genetic testing: Genetic testing can be performed on the parents and the products of conception to check for any chromosomal abnormalities.
5. Imaging tests: Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, can be used to check for any uterine abnormalities.

Treatment: The treatment for recurrent miscarriage depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, no specific cause can be identified, and the treatment may involve supportive care and close monitoring during pregnancy.

1. Chromosomal abnormalities: In cases where chromosomal abnormalities are identified, genetic counseling and testing may be recommended to determine the risk of future miscarriages.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal imbalances can be treated with medications to regulate hormone levels.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Uterine abnormalities may require surgery to correct the structural abnormality.
4. Infections: Infections can be treated with antibiotics.
5. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders can be treated with medications to suppress the immune system.

In conclusion, recurrent miscarriage is a devastating condition that affects many couples. While the causes are not always clear, a thorough evaluation by a healthcare provider can identify any underlying issues and lead to appropriate treatment. With the right care and support, many couples can go on to have successful pregnancies.